Sixty-three countries, including the US, Canada, and Kenya, have committed to the world’s first-ever Global Cooling Pledge at the ongoing COP28 climate summit. This historic pledge aims to reduce cooling emissions by at least 68% by 2050, with a focus on addressing the escalating contribution of cooling appliances like refrigerators and ACs to global warming.
Understanding Cooling Emissions
The number of global cooling devices is projected to surge from 3.6 billion to 9.5 billion by 2050, according to a report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Energy Agency (IEA). These devices contribute significantly to cooling emissions, which presently constitute 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and are anticipated to triple by 2050.
Refrigerants: The Culprits
Cooling emissions primarily stem from refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), used in appliances like ACs and refrigerators. While the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was initiated in 1987 under the Montreal Protocol due to their harmful impact on the ozone layer, HFCs and HCFCs, introduced as alternatives, present a new challenge. Though they do not harm the ozone layer, they are potent greenhouse gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
For instance, HFC-134a, commonly used in domestic fridges, has a global warming potential 3,400 times that of CO2. Proper disposal of refrigerants, especially at the end of an appliance’s life, is crucial to mitigate their environmental impact.
Electricity Consumption Amplifying the Issue
The electricity required to power cooling appliances also adds to cooling emissions. With a significant portion of global electricity production relying on fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas, the energy consumption for space cooling has more than tripled since 1990. This trend is expected to exacerbate global warming, creating a detrimental feedback loop.
The Vicious Cycle of Global Warming and Cooling Demand
As global temperatures rise, the demand for cooling is expected to surge, leading to a destructive feedback loop. The highest cooling demand is anticipated in Africa and Asia, where over a billion people face high heat risks. The projected increase in global cooling devices from 3.6 billion to 9.5 billion by 2050 emphasizes the urgency of addressing cooling emissions.
Solutions to Mitigate Cooling Emissions
Countries are taking steps to address the adverse effects of HFCs. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, signed by over 150 countries in 2016, aims to reduce HFC consumption by 80% by 2047. This reduction could prevent more than 0.4 degrees Celsius of global warming by 2100.
Phasing out HFCs involves promoting the use of climate-friendly chemicals, known as natural refrigerants, with lower or zero global warming potential. Additionally, proper management and reuse of potent refrigerant gases could significantly reduce global CO2 emissions.
Efforts are also needed to explore alternative methods of cooling buildings without relying solely on air conditioners. Improved insulation materials and strategic construction practices can contribute to reducing the heat inside buildings.
In conclusion, the Global Cooling Pledge marks a crucial step towards addressing the environmental impact of cooling appliances on global warming. As countries commit to substantial emissions reductions, the focus now shifts to implementing effective strategies and embracing sustainable practices to safeguard the planet’s future.
