Bharat and Bhutan share more than just geographical proximity; they share a deep-rooted, time-tested friendship that has endured for decades. This unique relationship, based on culture, history, and mutual interests, has played a crucial role in shaping the political, economic, and strategic landscapes of both nations. In this article, we explore the historical context, the significance of this relationship, and the recent developments that continue to strengthen the ties between Bharat and Bhutan.
History of Bharat-Bhutan Relations
Early Interactions and the 1910 Treaty
Bhutan, nestled amidst the Himalayas, has preserved its sovereignty through much of its history due to its isolated geography. The first significant bilateral relationship Bhutan established was in 1910 when it signed a treaty with the British Empire. This treaty allowed the British to “guide” Bhutan’s foreign affairs and defense.
Recognition of Bharat’s Independence
When Bharat gained independence in 1947, Bhutan was among the first countries to recognize it as a sovereign nation. This early recognition laid the foundation for the close ties that would develop between the two nations.
The Treaty of Friendship (1949)
In August 1949, Bhutan and Bharat signed the Treaty of Friendship, which called for non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, established free trade, and included extradition protocols. This treaty made Bhutan a protected state, not a protectorate, as it retained the power to conduct its independent foreign policy.
Strengthening Ties Amidst Geo-Political Shifts
China’s annexation of Tibet brought Bharat and Bhutan even closer, as Bharat saw its relationships with Bhutan and Nepal as pivotal elements of its ‘Himalayan Frontier’ security policy. In 1958, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Bhutan and reiterated Bharat’s support for Bhutan’s independence, emphasizing that any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as an act of war by Bharat.
The 1950s witnessed a substantial increase in Bharat’s economic, military, and development aid to Bhutan. This assistance initiated programs to modernize Bhutan’s military capabilities. Despite these good relations, it took until 1973-1984 to complete demarcation talks.
Renegotiating the 1949 Friendship Treaty (2007)
In 2007, Bharat and Bhutan re-negotiated the 1949 Friendship Treaty. This updated treaty removed the provision that required Bhutan to seek Bharat’s guidance on foreign policy and eliminated the need for Bharat’s permission to obtain arms.
Prime Minister Modi’s Initiatives
Prime Minister Narendra Modi chose Bhutan as his first foreign destination, underscoring the importance of regional cooperation. During his visit, he inaugurated the Supreme Court Complex in Bhutan and pledged further investments in the country’s IT sector.
Vaccine Diplomacy (2021)
In January 2021, Bharat demonstrated its commitment to the neighborhood by sending free doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to Bhutan, reflecting Bharat’s “neighborhood first policy.”
Bharat-Bhutan Commercial Relations
In recent years, Bharat has been a substantial contributor to Bhutan’s development:
Financial Assistance
Bharat’s budgetary contribution to Bhutan steadily rose, reaching INR 61.60 billion in the 2015-2016 financial year, making Bhutan the largest beneficiary of Bharat’s aid.
Hydropower Projects
Bharat operates three hydropower projects in Bhutan, with three more under construction, totaling 2,129 MW. This collaboration strengthens Bhutan’s economy.
Aid Package and Electricity Agreement
In November 2018, Prime Minister Lotay Tshering secured an aid package of about $635 million for Bhutan’s 12th five-year plan during his first overseas visit to Bharat. Additionally, Bharat and Bhutan have an agreement to develop and import a minimum of 10,000 megawatts of electricity by 2021.
Bharat-Bhutan Military Relations
Military cooperation is another facet of this close relationship:
Bharat Military Training Team (IMTRAT)
A 2000-strong IMTRAT is permanently based in western Bhutan, and other units of the Bharat Army closely cooperate with the Royal Bhutan Army in matters of anti-insurgency and counter-terrorism.
Air Protection
Due to Bhutan’s landlocked status and the absence of an air force, its air protection is provided by the Eastern Air Command of the Bharat Air Force.
Significance of the Bharat-Bhutan Relationship
Geopolitical Significance
Bhutan shares a 600 km long border with Bharat, acting as a strategic buffer between China and Bharat. This geographical position is of exceptional relevance to Bharat, given its proximity to Bharat’s “chicken neck” (Siliguri corridor).
Economic and Institutional Ties
The interests of Bhutan and Bharat are intertwined by an institutional and economic framework. Bharat is Bhutan’s biggest development partner and its largest source of imports.
Hydroelectric Power
Bharat’s assistance in harnessing hydroelectricity has made it one of Bhutan’s biggest revenue earners. This has elevated Bhutan to the country with the highest per capita income in South Asia.
Bhutan’s Boundary Talks with China
Geo-Political Sensitivity
Bhutan’s boundary with China holds exceptional relevance for Bharat, primarily due to the trijunction of the three countries and its proximity to Bharat’s strategic “chicken neck.”
Mutual Strategic Interests
Under the Treaty of Friendship (2007), Bharat and Bhutan consult at a high level to maximize their mutual strategic interests. Bharat has made it clear that while it won’t interfere in Bhutan-China negotiations, it will not compromise on its national security.
Bhutan’s Stance on Boundary Discussion
Consideration of Bharat’s Interests
Bhutan has decided not to settle its border with China without taking Bharat’s interests into account. It monitors Chinese construction in disputed areas and keeps the Bharat government informed, ensuring transparency in border talks.
Concerns and Challenges
Some Bhutanese have expressed concerns about Bharat’s perceived influence and the use of security issues as a means to control Bhutan. China’s attempts to attract Bhutan through trade, modernization, and scholarships pose challenges.
The Way Forward
To strengthen this enduring relationship:
Understanding Bhutanese Sentiments
Bharat must pay attention to the sentiments within Bhutan and develop a deeper understanding of Bhutanese perspectives.
Engaging the Youth
Reaching out to young Bhutanese through educational connections can help foster a lasting bond based on trust.
Emphasizing Trust and Faith
Bharat should approach the relationship with trust and complete faith, avoiding any signs of insecurity about Bhutan’s evolving relationships, including its ties with China.
FAQ about Bharat-Bhutan Relations
Q1: What is the basic framework of Bharat-Bhutan bilateral relations?
The basic framework is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in 1949, which was revised in February 2007. The Golden Jubilee of formal diplomatic relations between Bharat and Bhutan was celebrated in 2018.
Q2: What is the extent of cultural relations between Bharat and Bhutan?
Cultural exchanges between the two countries are vibrant, with Bhutanese pilgrims visiting holy Buddhist sites in Bharat. The open border policy allows regular exchange of travelers for work, tourism, shopping, medical care, and more.
In conclusion, the Bharat-Bhutan relationship is a testament to the enduring bonds that can be built through shared history, mutual respect, and strategic cooperation. This friendship, fortified by economic and military collaboration, not only benefits both nations but also contributes to regional stability and security in the Himalayan region. As the world continues to evolve, Bharat and Bhutan stand shoulder to shoulder, navigating the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century together.